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ABSTRACT Xanthogranulomatous inflammation is a rare benign inflammatory lesion characterized by sheets of lipid-laden foamy histiocytes. It has been reported in various organs, mainly the kidney and gall bladder. Xanthogranulomatous endometritis (XGE) is sporadic, with only a few cases reported in the English medical literature. Herein, we report a case of xanthogranulomatous endometritis with the formation of stones in a 50-year-old female patient with a prolapsed uterus. Grossly the endometrium was irregular, and the uterine cavity was filled with a yellow friable material, a polypoid growth, and yellowish stones. The microscopy showed sheets of histiocytes with few preserved endometrial glands. In this case, the xanthogranulomatous inflammation may mimic a clear cell carcinoma involving the endometrium and myometrium. One of the important differential diagnoses is malakoplakia. Immunohistochemistry and special stains are helpful in diagnosis.
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Breast cancer is the most common cause of malignancy worldwide in women & second most common cause of death among them. 1 Higher number of cases have been observed from more developed regions than in less developed. 2 In India age adjusted incidence rate of breast cancer is 2.8/100000 than United Kingdom (95/100000). 3 Breast specimens for histopathological evaluation are one of the most common surgical pathology specimens encountered by a surgical pathologist. In regular breast pathology, immunohistochemistry is a useful tool for both diagnostic and prognostic purposes. Although, most breast lesions may be diagnosed using routine hematoxylin and eosin sections; but, in a few situations, such as morphologically equivocal instances or metastatic cancers of unknown source, immunohistochemistry can help to make a more accurate diagnosis. This review will focus on diagnostic immunomarkers. However, the main goal of this review is to assess the diagnostic value of the most commonly investigated immunomarkers in the field of breast pathology by a review of the literature utilising the PubMed (US National Library of Medicine, Bethesda, Maryland) database of indexed publications from 1976 to 2022.
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Background: Disease burden of acute febrile illness due to infectious etiologies is under reported in various parts of India including Sikkim due to lack of laboratory confirmation. Undifferentiated febrile illnesses common in tropical areas of Asia are dengue, chikungunya, malaria, leptospirosis, enteric fever, chikungunya, rickettsia, Japanese encephalitis and scrub typhus. Aims: This study was conducted to determine various infectious etiologies of acute febrile illness with their clinical presentations, complications and mortality with special emphasis to scrub typhus. Setting and Design: This was a cross-sectional study and 205 patients including paediatric patients admitted with acute febrile illness were evaluated. Materials and Methods: A detailed history was taken and complete physical examination was done in all patients. Basic laboratory tests were done in all cases along with confirmatory tests. Results: In our study the most common cause of acute febrile illness was found to be scrub typhus 74(36.1%) followed by dengue 25(12.2%), malaria10 (4.9%) and enteric fever 10 (4.9%). Sikkim is non endemic state for filariasis and visceral leishmaniasis. Interestingly in our study we found 2 cases (0.97%) of visceral leishmaniasis and 1(0.5%) case of filariasis. Conclusions: Scrub typhus was observed to be the common cause of acute febrile illness during the study period. Lack of diagnostic facilities makes scrub typhus an under-recognised cause of acute febrile illness in several parts of India even today. Although previously reported as occasional solitary cases from this region, this study witnessed the emergence of dengue as an outbreak in this region. Prompt recognition of acute febrile illness is important for specific treatment and better outcome in patients.
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Aims: To evaluate the wastage rate of blood and components in a newly established blood bank of a teaching hospital in West Bengal. Study Design: Retrospective study. Place and Duration of Study: Department of Transfusion Medicine, IQ City Medical College and Narayana Multispeciality Hospital, Durgapur between April 2014 and October 2014. Methodology: The study recorded the discarding of whole blood and component units due to various reasons viz. over-collection and under-collection of blood from donors; RBC contamination of plasma and platelets; blood bag leakages; presence of hemolysis, clots, lipemic appearance, greenish and yellowish (icterus) discoloration; expiry date and seroreactivity for infectious diseases. The wastage rate was calculated thereafter using appropriate formula. Results: Out of total 1241 blood bags which were collected from donors during the study period, 1176 units were separated into components and rest 65 units were kept as whole blood units. Total 93 (7.49%) blood bags were discarded, of which 27 (2.18%) were whole blood bags and 66 were components. The total number of whole blood units issued during this period was 38 and components issued during this period were 693. Therefore, the wastage rate of whole blood units and components can be calculated as: Wastage rate of whole blood = 27/38 x100 = 71% Wastage rate of components = 66/693 x100 = 9.52% Conclusion: The rate of discarded blood components or “wastage rate” is one of those indicators and has been listed third among the ten quality indicators recommended by National Accreditation Board for Hospitals and Health Care providers. It is important to monitor this parameter for judicious management of blood bank inventory.